SURVEYING( Part 3)
( You Can read this Post In Your Language By Click on Translate In Left Side of this Page)
LEVELING AND CONTOURING
- REDUCE LEVELING-
- BACK SIDE-
- FORE SIDE-
- BENCH MARK-
TYPES OF LEVELING
1. Simple Leveling-
This is the leveling when it is required to find the difference in elevation between two points both of which are visible from a single position of the level.
1. Simple Leveling-
This is the leveling when it is required to find the difference in elevation between two points both of which are visible from a single position of the level.
SIMPLE LEVELING
2. Differential Leveling-
This is the process mesuring vertical distance from a known elevation point to determine elevations of unknown points.
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
3. Fly Leveling-
In order to connect bench mark to the starting point of the aligment of any project, it is called Fly Leveling.
FLY LEVELING
4. Longitudinal Leveling-
The operation of taking Levels along the center of any alignment at regular terms is known as Longitudinal Leveling.
LONGITUDINAL LEVELING
5. Cross-Leveling-
The operation of taking traverse to direction of longitudinal leveling is called Cross-Leveling.
CROSS LEVELING
6. Check Leveling-
At the end of the day's work to connect the finishing point with the starting point on the particular day is known as Check Leveling.
CHECK LEVELING
7. Reciprocal Leveling-
Two widely separated points in which observations are made in both directions to eliminate the effects of atmospheric refraction and the curvature of the earth.
RECIPROCAL LEVELING
CONTOURING
The purpose of tracking contour lines on the surface of the earth is called Contouring.
- Purpose of Contouring -
b. To locate alignment of a canal so that it should follow ridge lane.
c. To marks alignment of roads and highway so that the quantity of earthwork both in cutting and filling should be minimum.
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